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minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">一、纳米材料与纳米涂层简介<span lang="EN-US">1</span>、什么是纳米材料?</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:
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</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)纳米(<span lang="EN-US">nanometrer</span>)是一个度量单位,<span lang="EN-US">1</span>纳米(<span lang="EN-US">nm</span>)等于<span lang="EN-US">10-9</span>米。<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)纳米材料(<span lang="EN-US">nano material</span>),就是指用直径达到纳米级(<span lang="EN-US">1~100nm</span>)的微小粒子制成的各种材料。<strong><span lang="EN-US">2</span></strong><strong>、为何纳米材料的性能比普通材料更优?</strong>当构成物质的颗粒尺寸进入纳米尺度,特别是几个纳米时,因其内部粒子间的结构形态将发生根本性变化,从而使得一系列的物理性能都更加优化,甚至发生本质上的变化,比如硬度、韧性、耐热性、防腐性能等等。<strong><span lang="EN-US">3</span></strong><strong>、纳米涂层(也称纳米薄膜)</strong>纳米薄膜具有的光,电,热以及机械方面的性能等方面的独特功能。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:5.25pt;mso-char-indent-count:.5"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
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minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">二、我们的纳米涂层<span lang="EN-US">1</span>、我们的纳米涂层属于金属陶瓷材料,有金属和陶瓷双重特性,如下所述:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
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宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)涂层硬度极高,是刀具,模具钢材硬度的<span lang="EN-US">3</span>倍以上,甚至可达<span lang="EN-US">5000HV</span>以上(陶瓷特性)<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)涂层细腻光滑,与钢材之间的摩擦系数小(陶瓷特性):<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)涂层与金属不易粘黏,可以防止积屑,提高被加工件表面质量(陶瓷特性):<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)良好的韧性,耐冲击,耐碰撞,可用于压铸模具、冲压模具(金属特性)<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">5</span>)良好的热稳定性,部分涂层甚至可以承受<span lang="EN-US">1200</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
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宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">以上的工作温度(陶瓷特性)<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">6</span>)涂层晶粒极其微小,结构极为紧密,故有良好的耐酸碱腐蚀性能<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">7</span>)涂层无毒无害,且环保,可用于医疗器械,人工环节食品加工的刀工具(例如:果汁刀片机)等<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">8</span>)可导电,导磁(金属特性)<strong><span lang="EN-US">2</span></strong><strong>、应用中表现出的优点主要有:</strong><span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)刀具,模具的耐磨性大大增强,使用寿命提高<span lang="EN-US">3~10</span>倍,甚至更高,使得客户成本大大降低;<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)减少换刀,修模的时间,提高生产效率;<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)产品表面质量提高,且不良率下降;<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)涂层的厚度很薄,仅为<span lang="EN-US">1-5μm</span>左右(<span lang="EN-US">0.001um-0.005mm</span>),故一般不会影响刀具,模具的尺寸精度。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:5.25pt;mso-char-indent-count:.5"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
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minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">三、对工件的要求<span lang="EN-US">1</span>、材质</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:
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</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)一般要求是金属材料,如模具钢、高速钢、硬质合金、不锈钢、铜、铝合金等。<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>) 需要的工件必须能够承受至少<span lang="EN-US">200~650</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;
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mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">而不能熔化或碳化,故不能是塑胶、橡胶、纸张、棉麻、木材等材料。<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)工件要能导电,一般不能是陶瓷、玻璃等。<strong><span lang="EN-US">2</span></strong><strong>、钢件热处理回火温度</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)对钢件热处理回火温度的要求<span lang="EN-US">
①</span>回火温度必须高于镀膜温度。因为如果工件回火温度低于镀膜温度,就会导致工件材料硬度下降,下降程度会因具体材料和温度不同而不同,可能会是几度到<span lang="EN-US">20</span>度以上(<span lang="EN-US">HRC</span>)<span lang="EN-US">
②</span>不论回火温度如何,我司在镀膜过程中只能选择比热处理回火温度更低的温度处理,才能保证工件硬度不下降。<span lang="EN-US">
③</span>一般的回火温度有:<span lang="EN-US">a</span>. 高温:<span lang="EN-US">500</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
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宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">以上<span lang="EN-US">b</span>.<span lang="EN-US"> </span>中温:<span lang="EN-US">350</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
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minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
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宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">左右<span lang="EN-US">c</span>.<span lang="EN-US"> </span>低温:<span lang="EN-US">200</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
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宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">左右</span><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">※</span></strong><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">注:</span></strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
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minor-fareast">实际上,热处理厂可以根据不同的材料、不同的要求设计出不同温度参数的回火工艺,并不单纯是上述几个数值。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)我司镀膜的温度<span lang="EN-US">
①</span>根据不同的要求,我司的镀膜温度可以作三种选择:<span lang="EN-US">a</span>. 高温:<span lang="EN-US">500</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast">b</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
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minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">.<span lang="EN-US"> </span>中温:<span lang="EN-US">320</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
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minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">c</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
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宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">.<span lang="EN-US"> </span>低温:<span lang="EN-US">180</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
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minor-fareast">不同的镀膜温度镀的薄膜的特性会有些许差异,用<span lang="EN-US">TiN</span>(氮化钛)举例说明:<span lang="EN-US">a</span>.<span lang="EN-US"> </span>颜色:高温镀的就会更金黄、光亮;低温镀的就会相对淡一些。<span lang="EN-US">b</span>.<span lang="EN-US"> </span>耐磨性:低温镀的相对于高温镀的耐磨性要差一些。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)如何选择回火温度<span lang="EN-US">
①</span>无论何种材料,选择不同的回火温度所得到的硬度值一般是不一样的。<span lang="EN-US">
②</span>如果在硬度、韧性等基本要求都可以满足的情况下,请尽量选择更高的回火温度,以便于我们镀膜处理可以选择更高的温度,以达到更佳的效果。<span lang="EN-US"> ③</span>并非任何材料都可以选择高温回火,因为有些材料选择高温回火比低温回火得到的硬度值相差很多,甚至可能达到<span lang="EN-US">20HRC</span>。<span lang="EN-US"> ④</span>不同的材料,其热处理特性也是不同的。应如何选择适合的回火温度,最后咨询您的热处理供应商(别忘了将您对工件硬度和需要镀膜的要求告诉他)。<strong><span lang="EN-US">3</span></strong><strong>、工件外形与镀面</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)工件最大尺寸:<span lang="EN-US"> ①</span>细长件:长度<span lang="EN-US">≤1000mm</span>;<span lang="EN-US"> ②</span>圆柱形大模具,圆柱面未涂层重点:最大尺寸<span lang="EN-US">≤Φ800*800mm</span>;<span lang="EN-US"> ③</span>板状大模具,板的一面为涂层重点:最大尺寸<span lang="EN-US">≤800</span>(长)<span lang="EN-US">*650</span>(宽)<span lang="EN-US">*450</span>(高)<span lang="EN-US">mm</span>。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)工件上必须有不需要涂层的部位(如柄部、孔、螺纹、台阶等),以便于涂层中用于支撑和固定工件。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)对于要求涂层的内孔,要求孔径<span lang="EN-US">≥</span>孔深,否则不能保证内孔深处涂层厚度和质量。(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)为了保证使用重点面的涂层质量,客户须明确告知<span lang="EN-US">“</span>使用重点部位<span lang="EN-US">”</span>、<span lang="EN-US">“</span>可镀可不镀的部位<span lang="EN-US">”</span>、<span lang="EN-US">“</span>一定不能镀的部位<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,最好不要为追求美观而要求全镀。<strong><span lang="EN-US">4</span></strong><strong>、工件表面状况</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)工件一定要是已经过精加工,完全成型并且是可用的,涂层是所有制作工序中的最后一道工序。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)工件一定要做好防锈工作,如涂抹防锈油等。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)工件表面不能做渗碳、渗氮、氧化、<span lang="EN-US">TD</span>、喷漆、电镀等处理。<strong><span lang="EN-US">5</span></strong><strong>、工件结构</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)工件上不能有密闭的中空结构,因为密闭的空气受热后膨胀,其压力会引起爆裂。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)工件上如果有细长孔、缝隙(如喷水钻的注水孔)等,孔内或缝隙不能阻塞,否则残留的油污等会影响镀膜(同理,压铸塑胶模具试模后,残留的胶料要清理干净)。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)镶嵌件,如果可用拆分的,就拆开镀,然后再组合使用;如果不开拆分的,要绝对保证镶嵌内部不能有油污,否则会影响镀膜。(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)焊接件,要注意两个问题:<span lang="EN-US">
①</span>焊接材料能否承受<span lang="EN-US">450</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
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宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">高温而不熔化,一旦熔化,会造成焊接和突出的异常;<span lang="EN-US"> ②</span>工件的精度是否允许焊接处在承受<span lang="EN-US">450</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
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mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast">高温的变形量,否则不宜做涂层。<strong><span lang="EN-US">6</span></strong><strong>、包装</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)任何工件在交我司做涂层的运输途中,均需要有包装,且包装必须能保证工件的安全。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)对于锋利刃具,如铣刀、丝攻、铰刀等,建议采用每只产品之间都有区隔的包装方式。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)对于较重的大型件,如果采用快递或货运,一定要有足够强度的包装箱,以保证运输途中不被损伤。<span lang="EN-US"> </span><strong>五、<span lang="EN-US">PVD</span>涂层与其他表面处理的比较<span lang="EN-US">1</span>、<span lang="EN-US">CVD</span>简介(<span lang="EN-US">Chemical
Vapor Deposition——</span>化学气相沉积)</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)将各种化学反应物质:如四氯化钛(<span lang="EN-US">TiCl4</span>)和甲烷(<span lang="EN-US">CH4</span>)等含碳气体(或其它碳氮气体)蒸气等通入反应炉体内,在高温(<span lang="EN-US">900~1200</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">)状态下,<span lang="EN-US">TiCl4</span>中的钛(<span lang="EN-US">Ti</span>)和碳氢化合物中的碳(<span lang="EN-US">C</span>)在模具表面进行化学反应,从而生成一层金属化合物涂层碳化钛(<span lang="EN-US">TiC</span>)。利用不同的反应物,可得到不同的薄膜,如<span lang="EN-US">TiN</span>、<span lang="EN-US">Ti</span>(<span lang="EN-US">CN</span>)、<span lang="EN-US">CrC</span>等等。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)<span lang="EN-US">CVD</span>的优点:<span lang="EN-US"> ①</span>镀膜与基材的附着性优良;<span lang="EN-US"> ②</span>复杂的形状都可以处理:如深孔、内管、细缝等。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)<span lang="EN-US">CVD</span>的优点:<span lang="EN-US">
①</span>镀膜温度太高,对基材和反应设备的耐热性要求很高,很多工件难以承受;<span lang="EN-US">
②</span>高温使基材尺寸变化和变形严重,故适于精密度高的工件;<span lang="EN-US">
③</span>对于要求工件局部镀膜,难以实现;<span lang="EN-US"> ④</span>活泼性气体源的使用,制程中有爆炸、毒性气体泄漏等隐患,且对环境有污染。<strong><span lang="EN-US">2</span></strong><strong>、<span lang="EN-US">TD</span>简介(<span lang="EN-US">Thermal Diffusion Coating Process——</span>热扩散法碳化物覆层处理)</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)在空气炉或盐槽中放入一个耐热的坩埚,将硼砂放入坩埚加热熔化至<span lang="EN-US">800~1200</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">,然后加入相应的碳化物形成粉末(如钛、钡、铌、铬),再将钢或硬质合金工件放入坩埚中浸渍保温<span lang="EN-US">1~2</span>小时,加入元素将扩散至工件表面并与钢中的碳发生反应形成碳化物层(如:<span lang="EN-US">VC—</span>碳化钒;<span lang="EN-US">CrC—</span>碳化铬),所得到的碳化物层具有很高的硬度和耐磨性。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)<span lang="EN-US">TD</span>最主要适合于铬钢的工件。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)<span lang="EN-US" style="color:red">TD</span><span style="color:red">的优点</span>:<span lang="EN-US"><br>
①</span>覆层与基材的附着性优良;<span lang="EN-US">
②</span>覆层的厚度较厚。<strong><span lang="EN-US">3</span></strong><strong>、电镀硬铬(<span lang="EN-US">Cr</span>)简介</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)用铬酐、硫酸和添加剂等配制成电镀液,将工件放入溶液中电镀金属铬沉积在工件表面形成镀层。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)实际上所谓<span lang="EN-US">“</span>镀硬铬<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,其铬层硬度并不比装饰铬层硬度高,只因其镀层较厚,故能发挥其硬度高、耐磨的特点,故称镀硬铬。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)镀硬铬的优点:<span lang="EN-US">①</span>工件大小不受限制;</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">②</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">镀层厚度较厚,可以适当弥补因加工超差的工件尺寸;</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">③</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">成本较低。<strong><span lang="EN-US">4</span></strong><strong>、渗氮的简介</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)氮化:将待处理的工件放在渗氮炉中,炉内加温<span lang="EN-US">500~700</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">,充入的含氮气体在高温状态下分解后产生活性氮原子,被刚才表面吸收渗入其中并且不断自表面向内扩散,形成氮化层,表面硬度可达<span lang="EN-US">900~1100HV</span>。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)氮化的优点:<span lang="EN-US">①</span>工件大小不受限制;<span lang="EN-US">②</span>氮元素与工件基材结果,故结果牢固;<span lang="EN-US">③</span>成本较低。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><img src="http://st.douding.cn/upload/BBS/2019/10/18/9/1571362666328.jpg"></p>"/> mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">一、纳米材料与纳米涂层简介<span lang="EN-US">1</span>、什么是纳米材料?</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
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</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)纳米(<span lang="EN-US">nanometrer</span>)是一个度量单位,<span lang="EN-US">1</span>纳米(<span lang="EN-US">nm</span>)等于<span lang="EN-US">10-9</span>米。<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)纳米材料(<span lang="EN-US">nano material</span>),就是指用直径达到纳米级(<span lang="EN-US">1~100nm</span>)的微小粒子制成的各种材料。<strong><span lang="EN-US">2</span></strong><strong>、为何纳米材料的性能比普通材料更优?</strong>当构成物质的颗粒尺寸进入纳米尺度,特别是几个纳米时,因其内部粒子间的结构形态将发生根本性变化,从而使得一系列的物理性能都更加优化,甚至发生本质上的变化,比如硬度、韧性、耐热性、防腐性能等等。<strong><span lang="EN-US">3</span></strong><strong>、纳米涂层(也称纳米薄膜)</strong>纳米薄膜具有的光,电,热以及机械方面的性能等方面的独特功能。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:5.25pt;mso-char-indent-count:.5"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">二、我们的纳米涂层<span lang="EN-US">1</span>、我们的纳米涂层属于金属陶瓷材料,有金属和陶瓷双重特性,如下所述:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)涂层硬度极高,是刀具,模具钢材硬度的<span lang="EN-US">3</span>倍以上,甚至可达<span lang="EN-US">5000HV</span>以上(陶瓷特性)<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)涂层细腻光滑,与钢材之间的摩擦系数小(陶瓷特性):<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)涂层与金属不易粘黏,可以防止积屑,提高被加工件表面质量(陶瓷特性):<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)良好的韧性,耐冲击,耐碰撞,可用于压铸模具、冲压模具(金属特性)<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">5</span>)良好的热稳定性,部分涂层甚至可以承受<span lang="EN-US">1200</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">以上的工作温度(陶瓷特性)<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">6</span>)涂层晶粒极其微小,结构极为紧密,故有良好的耐酸碱腐蚀性能<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">7</span>)涂层无毒无害,且环保,可用于医疗器械,人工环节食品加工的刀工具(例如:果汁刀片机)等<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">8</span>)可导电,导磁(金属特性)<strong><span lang="EN-US">2</span></strong><strong>、应用中表现出的优点主要有:</strong><span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)刀具,模具的耐磨性大大增强,使用寿命提高<span lang="EN-US">3~10</span>倍,甚至更高,使得客户成本大大降低;<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)减少换刀,修模的时间,提高生产效率;<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)产品表面质量提高,且不良率下降;<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)涂层的厚度很薄,仅为<span lang="EN-US">1-5μm</span>左右(<span lang="EN-US">0.001um-0.005mm</span>),故一般不会影响刀具,模具的尺寸精度。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:5.25pt;mso-char-indent-count:.5"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast"> </span><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">三、对工件的要求<span lang="EN-US">1</span>、材质</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
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</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)一般要求是金属材料,如模具钢、高速钢、硬质合金、不锈钢、铜、铝合金等。<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>) 需要的工件必须能够承受至少<span lang="EN-US">200~650</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">而不能熔化或碳化,故不能是塑胶、橡胶、纸张、棉麻、木材等材料。<span lang="EN-US"> </span>(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)工件要能导电,一般不能是陶瓷、玻璃等。<strong><span lang="EN-US">2</span></strong><strong>、钢件热处理回火温度</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)对钢件热处理回火温度的要求<span lang="EN-US">
①</span>回火温度必须高于镀膜温度。因为如果工件回火温度低于镀膜温度,就会导致工件材料硬度下降,下降程度会因具体材料和温度不同而不同,可能会是几度到<span lang="EN-US">20</span>度以上(<span lang="EN-US">HRC</span>)<span lang="EN-US">
②</span>不论回火温度如何,我司在镀膜过程中只能选择比热处理回火温度更低的温度处理,才能保证工件硬度不下降。<span lang="EN-US">
③</span>一般的回火温度有:<span lang="EN-US">a</span>. 高温:<span lang="EN-US">500</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">以上<span lang="EN-US">b</span>.<span lang="EN-US"> </span>中温:<span lang="EN-US">350</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">左右<span lang="EN-US">c</span>.<span lang="EN-US"> </span>低温:<span lang="EN-US">200</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">左右</span><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">※</span></strong><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">注:</span></strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast">实际上,热处理厂可以根据不同的材料、不同的要求设计出不同温度参数的回火工艺,并不单纯是上述几个数值。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)我司镀膜的温度<span lang="EN-US">
①</span>根据不同的要求,我司的镀膜温度可以作三种选择:<span lang="EN-US">a</span>. 高温:<span lang="EN-US">500</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast">b</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">.<span lang="EN-US"> </span>中温:<span lang="EN-US">320</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">c</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">.<span lang="EN-US"> </span>低温:<span lang="EN-US">180</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast"> ②</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast">不同的镀膜温度镀的薄膜的特性会有些许差异,用<span lang="EN-US">TiN</span>(氮化钛)举例说明:<span lang="EN-US">a</span>.<span lang="EN-US"> </span>颜色:高温镀的就会更金黄、光亮;低温镀的就会相对淡一些。<span lang="EN-US">b</span>.<span lang="EN-US"> </span>耐磨性:低温镀的相对于高温镀的耐磨性要差一些。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)如何选择回火温度<span lang="EN-US">
①</span>无论何种材料,选择不同的回火温度所得到的硬度值一般是不一样的。<span lang="EN-US">
②</span>如果在硬度、韧性等基本要求都可以满足的情况下,请尽量选择更高的回火温度,以便于我们镀膜处理可以选择更高的温度,以达到更佳的效果。<span lang="EN-US"> ③</span>并非任何材料都可以选择高温回火,因为有些材料选择高温回火比低温回火得到的硬度值相差很多,甚至可能达到<span lang="EN-US">20HRC</span>。<span lang="EN-US"> ④</span>不同的材料,其热处理特性也是不同的。应如何选择适合的回火温度,最后咨询您的热处理供应商(别忘了将您对工件硬度和需要镀膜的要求告诉他)。<strong><span lang="EN-US">3</span></strong><strong>、工件外形与镀面</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)工件最大尺寸:<span lang="EN-US"> ①</span>细长件:长度<span lang="EN-US">≤1000mm</span>;<span lang="EN-US"> ②</span>圆柱形大模具,圆柱面未涂层重点:最大尺寸<span lang="EN-US">≤Φ800*800mm</span>;<span lang="EN-US"> ③</span>板状大模具,板的一面为涂层重点:最大尺寸<span lang="EN-US">≤800</span>(长)<span lang="EN-US">*650</span>(宽)<span lang="EN-US">*450</span>(高)<span lang="EN-US">mm</span>。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)工件上必须有不需要涂层的部位(如柄部、孔、螺纹、台阶等),以便于涂层中用于支撑和固定工件。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)对于要求涂层的内孔,要求孔径<span lang="EN-US">≥</span>孔深,否则不能保证内孔深处涂层厚度和质量。(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)为了保证使用重点面的涂层质量,客户须明确告知<span lang="EN-US">“</span>使用重点部位<span lang="EN-US">”</span>、<span lang="EN-US">“</span>可镀可不镀的部位<span lang="EN-US">”</span>、<span lang="EN-US">“</span>一定不能镀的部位<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,最好不要为追求美观而要求全镀。<strong><span lang="EN-US">4</span></strong><strong>、工件表面状况</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)工件一定要是已经过精加工,完全成型并且是可用的,涂层是所有制作工序中的最后一道工序。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)工件一定要做好防锈工作,如涂抹防锈油等。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)工件表面不能做渗碳、渗氮、氧化、<span lang="EN-US">TD</span>、喷漆、电镀等处理。<strong><span lang="EN-US">5</span></strong><strong>、工件结构</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)工件上不能有密闭的中空结构,因为密闭的空气受热后膨胀,其压力会引起爆裂。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)工件上如果有细长孔、缝隙(如喷水钻的注水孔)等,孔内或缝隙不能阻塞,否则残留的油污等会影响镀膜(同理,压铸塑胶模具试模后,残留的胶料要清理干净)。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)镶嵌件,如果可用拆分的,就拆开镀,然后再组合使用;如果不开拆分的,要绝对保证镶嵌内部不能有油污,否则会影响镀膜。(<span lang="EN-US">4</span>)焊接件,要注意两个问题:<span lang="EN-US">
①</span>焊接材料能否承受<span lang="EN-US">450</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">高温而不熔化,一旦熔化,会造成焊接和突出的异常;<span lang="EN-US"> ②</span>工件的精度是否允许焊接处在承受<span lang="EN-US">450</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast">高温的变形量,否则不宜做涂层。<strong><span lang="EN-US">6</span></strong><strong>、包装</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)任何工件在交我司做涂层的运输途中,均需要有包装,且包装必须能保证工件的安全。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)对于锋利刃具,如铣刀、丝攻、铰刀等,建议采用每只产品之间都有区隔的包装方式。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)对于较重的大型件,如果采用快递或货运,一定要有足够强度的包装箱,以保证运输途中不被损伤。<span lang="EN-US"> </span><strong>五、<span lang="EN-US">PVD</span>涂层与其他表面处理的比较<span lang="EN-US">1</span>、<span lang="EN-US">CVD</span>简介(<span lang="EN-US">Chemical
Vapor Deposition——</span>化学气相沉积)</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)将各种化学反应物质:如四氯化钛(<span lang="EN-US">TiCl4</span>)和甲烷(<span lang="EN-US">CH4</span>)等含碳气体(或其它碳氮气体)蒸气等通入反应炉体内,在高温(<span lang="EN-US">900~1200</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">)状态下,<span lang="EN-US">TiCl4</span>中的钛(<span lang="EN-US">Ti</span>)和碳氢化合物中的碳(<span lang="EN-US">C</span>)在模具表面进行化学反应,从而生成一层金属化合物涂层碳化钛(<span lang="EN-US">TiC</span>)。利用不同的反应物,可得到不同的薄膜,如<span lang="EN-US">TiN</span>、<span lang="EN-US">Ti</span>(<span lang="EN-US">CN</span>)、<span lang="EN-US">CrC</span>等等。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)<span lang="EN-US">CVD</span>的优点:<span lang="EN-US"> ①</span>镀膜与基材的附着性优良;<span lang="EN-US"> ②</span>复杂的形状都可以处理:如深孔、内管、细缝等。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)<span lang="EN-US">CVD</span>的优点:<span lang="EN-US">
①</span>镀膜温度太高,对基材和反应设备的耐热性要求很高,很多工件难以承受;<span lang="EN-US">
②</span>高温使基材尺寸变化和变形严重,故适于精密度高的工件;<span lang="EN-US">
③</span>对于要求工件局部镀膜,难以实现;<span lang="EN-US"> ④</span>活泼性气体源的使用,制程中有爆炸、毒性气体泄漏等隐患,且对环境有污染。<strong><span lang="EN-US">2</span></strong><strong>、<span lang="EN-US">TD</span>简介(<span lang="EN-US">Thermal Diffusion Coating Process——</span>热扩散法碳化物覆层处理)</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)在空气炉或盐槽中放入一个耐热的坩埚,将硼砂放入坩埚加热熔化至<span lang="EN-US">800~1200</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">,然后加入相应的碳化物形成粉末(如钛、钡、铌、铬),再将钢或硬质合金工件放入坩埚中浸渍保温<span lang="EN-US">1~2</span>小时,加入元素将扩散至工件表面并与钢中的碳发生反应形成碳化物层(如:<span lang="EN-US">VC—</span>碳化钒;<span lang="EN-US">CrC—</span>碳化铬),所得到的碳化物层具有很高的硬度和耐磨性。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)<span lang="EN-US">TD</span>最主要适合于铬钢的工件。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)<span lang="EN-US" style="color:red">TD</span><span style="color:red">的优点</span>:<span lang="EN-US"><br>
①</span>覆层与基材的附着性优良;<span lang="EN-US">
②</span>覆层的厚度较厚。<strong><span lang="EN-US">3</span></strong><strong>、电镀硬铬(<span lang="EN-US">Cr</span>)简介</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)用铬酐、硫酸和添加剂等配制成电镀液,将工件放入溶液中电镀金属铬沉积在工件表面形成镀层。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)实际上所谓<span lang="EN-US">“</span>镀硬铬<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,其铬层硬度并不比装饰铬层硬度高,只因其镀层较厚,故能发挥其硬度高、耐磨的特点,故称镀硬铬。(<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)镀硬铬的优点:<span lang="EN-US">①</span>工件大小不受限制;</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">②</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">镀层厚度较厚,可以适当弥补因加工超差的工件尺寸;</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">③</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">成本较低。<strong><span lang="EN-US">4</span></strong><strong>、渗氮的简介</strong>(<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)氮化:将待处理的工件放在渗氮炉中,炉内加温<span lang="EN-US">500~700</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体">℃</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:
10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast">,充入的含氮气体在高温状态下分解后产生活性氮原子,被刚才表面吸收渗入其中并且不断自表面向内扩散,形成氮化层,表面硬度可达<span lang="EN-US">900~1100HV</span>。(<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)氮化的优点:<span lang="EN-US">①</span>工件大小不受限制;<span lang="EN-US">②</span>氮元素与工件基材结果,故结果牢固;<span lang="EN-US">③</span>成本较低。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><img src="http://st.douding.cn/upload/BBS/2019/10/18/9/1571362666328.jpg"></p>"/>

如何延长模具使用寿命,抗氧化氮化防龟裂耐高温耐磨纳米涂层技术

1 楼
涂层技术到底是什么?怎样应用在压铸模具上?

一、纳米材料与纳米涂层简介1、什么是纳米材料? 1)纳米(nanometrer)是一个度量单位,1纳米(nm)等于10-9米。 2)纳米材料(nano material),就是指用直径达到纳米级(1~100nm)的微小粒子制成的各种材料。2、为何纳米材料的性能比普通材料更优?当构成物质的颗粒尺寸进入纳米尺度,特别是几个纳米时,因其内部粒子间的结构形态将发生根本性变化,从而使得一系列的物理性能都更加优化,甚至发生本质上的变化,比如硬度、韧性、耐热性、防腐性能等等。3、纳米涂层(也称纳米薄膜)纳米薄膜具有的光,电,热以及机械方面的性能等方面的独特功能。

二、我们的纳米涂层1、我们的纳米涂层属于金属陶瓷材料,有金属和陶瓷双重特性,如下所述: 1)涂层硬度极高,是刀具,模具钢材硬度的3倍以上,甚至可达5000HV以上(陶瓷特性) 2)涂层细腻光滑,与钢材之间的摩擦系数小(陶瓷特性): 3)涂层与金属不易粘黏,可以防止积屑,提高被加工件表面质量(陶瓷特性): 4)良好的韧性,耐冲击,耐碰撞,可用于压铸模具、冲压模具(金属特性) 5)良好的热稳定性,部分涂层甚至可以承受1200以上的工作温度(陶瓷特性) 6)涂层晶粒极其微小,结构极为紧密,故有良好的耐酸碱腐蚀性能 7)涂层无毒无害,且环保,可用于医疗器械,人工环节食品加工的刀工具(例如:果汁刀片机)等 8)可导电,导磁(金属特性)2、应用中表现出的优点主要有: 1)刀具,模具的耐磨性大大增强,使用寿命提高3~10倍,甚至更高,使得客户成本大大降低; 2)减少换刀,修模的时间,提高生产效率; 3)产品表面质量提高,且不良率下降; 4)涂层的厚度很薄,仅为1-5μm左右(0.001um-0.005mm),故一般不会影响刀具,模具的尺寸精度。

三、对工件的要求1、材质 1)一般要求是金属材料,如模具钢、高速钢、硬质合金、不锈钢、铜、铝合金等。 2) 需要的工件必须能够承受至少200~650而不能熔化或碳化,故不能是塑胶、橡胶、纸张、棉麻、木材等材料。 3)工件要能导电,一般不能是陶瓷、玻璃等。2、钢件热处理回火温度1)对钢件热处理回火温度的要求回火温度必须高于镀膜温度。因为如果工件回火温度低于镀膜温度,就会导致工件材料硬度下降,下降程度会因具体材料和温度不同而不同,可能会是几度到20度以上(HRC不论回火温度如何,我司在镀膜过程中只能选择比热处理回火温度更低的温度处理,才能保证工件硬度不下降。一般的回火温度有:a. 高温:500以上b 中温:350左右c 低温:200左右注:实际上,热处理厂可以根据不同的材料、不同的要求设计出不同温度参数的回火工艺,并不单纯是上述几个数值。(2)我司镀膜的温度根据不同的要求,我司的镀膜温度可以作三种选择:a. 高温:500b 中温:320c 低温:180不同的镀膜温度镀的薄膜的特性会有些许差异,用TiN(氮化钛)举例说明:a 颜色:高温镀的就会更金黄、光亮;低温镀的就会相对淡一些。b 耐磨性:低温镀的相对于高温镀的耐磨性要差一些。(3)如何选择回火温度无论何种材料,选择不同的回火温度所得到的硬度值一般是不一样的。如果在硬度、韧性等基本要求都可以满足的情况下,请尽量选择更高的回火温度,以便于我们镀膜处理可以选择更高的温度,以达到更佳的效果。并非任何材料都可以选择高温回火,因为有些材料选择高温回火比低温回火得到的硬度值相差很多,甚至可能达到20HRC不同的材料,其热处理特性也是不同的。应如何选择适合的回火温度,最后咨询您的热处理供应商(别忘了将您对工件硬度和需要镀膜的要求告诉他)。3、工件外形与镀面1)工件最大尺寸:细长件:长度≤1000mm圆柱形大模具,圆柱面未涂层重点:最大尺寸≤Φ800*800mm板状大模具,板的一面为涂层重点:最大尺寸≤800(长)*650(宽)*450(高)mm。(2)工件上必须有不需要涂层的部位(如柄部、孔、螺纹、台阶等),以便于涂层中用于支撑和固定工件。(3)对于要求涂层的内孔,要求孔径孔深,否则不能保证内孔深处涂层厚度和质量。(4)为了保证使用重点面的涂层质量,客户须明确告知使用重点部位可镀可不镀的部位一定不能镀的部位,最好不要为追求美观而要求全镀。4、工件表面状况1)工件一定要是已经过精加工,完全成型并且是可用的,涂层是所有制作工序中的最后一道工序。(2)工件一定要做好防锈工作,如涂抹防锈油等。(3)工件表面不能做渗碳、渗氮、氧化、TD、喷漆、电镀等处理。5、工件结构1)工件上不能有密闭的中空结构,因为密闭的空气受热后膨胀,其压力会引起爆裂。(2)工件上如果有细长孔、缝隙(如喷水钻的注水孔)等,孔内或缝隙不能阻塞,否则残留的油污等会影响镀膜(同理,压铸塑胶模具试模后,残留的胶料要清理干净)。(3)镶嵌件,如果可用拆分的,就拆开镀,然后再组合使用;如果不开拆分的,要绝对保证镶嵌内部不能有油污,否则会影响镀膜。(4)焊接件,要注意两个问题:焊接材料能否承受450高温而不熔化,一旦熔化,会造成焊接和突出的异常;工件的精度是否允许焊接处在承受450高温的变形量,否则不宜做涂层。6、包装1)任何工件在交我司做涂层的运输途中,均需要有包装,且包装必须能保证工件的安全。(2)对于锋利刃具,如铣刀、丝攻、铰刀等,建议采用每只产品之间都有区隔的包装方式。(3)对于较重的大型件,如果采用快递或货运,一定要有足够强度的包装箱,以保证运输途中不被损伤。 五、PVD涂层与其他表面处理的比较1CVD简介(Chemical Vapor Deposition——化学气相沉积)1)将各种化学反应物质:如四氯化钛(TiCl4)和甲烷(CH4)等含碳气体(或其它碳氮气体)蒸气等通入反应炉体内,在高温(900~1200)状态下,TiCl4中的钛(Ti)和碳氢化合物中的碳(C)在模具表面进行化学反应,从而生成一层金属化合物涂层碳化钛(TiC)。利用不同的反应物,可得到不同的薄膜,如TiNTiCN)、CrC等等。(2CVD的优点:镀膜与基材的附着性优良;复杂的形状都可以处理:如深孔、内管、细缝等。(3CVD的优点:镀膜温度太高,对基材和反应设备的耐热性要求很高,很多工件难以承受;高温使基材尺寸变化和变形严重,故适于精密度高的工件;对于要求工件局部镀膜,难以实现;活泼性气体源的使用,制程中有爆炸、毒性气体泄漏等隐患,且对环境有污染。2TD简介(Thermal Diffusion Coating Process——热扩散法碳化物覆层处理)1)在空气炉或盐槽中放入一个耐热的坩埚,将硼砂放入坩埚加热熔化至800~1200,然后加入相应的碳化物形成粉末(如钛、钡、铌、铬),再将钢或硬质合金工件放入坩埚中浸渍保温1~2小时,加入元素将扩散至工件表面并与钢中的碳发生反应形成碳化物层(如:VC—碳化钒;CrC—碳化铬),所得到的碳化物层具有很高的硬度和耐磨性。(2TD最主要适合于铬钢的工件。(3TD的优点
覆层与基材的附着性优良;覆层的厚度较厚。3、电镀硬铬(Cr)简介1)用铬酐、硫酸和添加剂等配制成电镀液,将工件放入溶液中电镀金属铬沉积在工件表面形成镀层。(2)实际上所谓镀硬铬,其铬层硬度并不比装饰铬层硬度高,只因其镀层较厚,故能发挥其硬度高、耐磨的特点,故称镀硬铬。(3)镀硬铬的优点:工件大小不受限制;
镀层厚度较厚,可以适当弥补因加工超差的工件尺寸;成本较低。4、渗氮的简介1)氮化:将待处理的工件放在渗氮炉中,炉内加温500~700,充入的含氮气体在高温状态下分解后产生活性氮原子,被刚才表面吸收渗入其中并且不断自表面向内扩散,形成氮化层,表面硬度可达900~1100HV。(2)氮化的优点:工件大小不受限制;氮元素与工件基材结果,故结果牢固;成本较低。

2019-10-18 09:37:57